The Poem, If, By Rudyard Kipling - 1261 Words

Poetry Explication Throughout the world, many different cultures have vastly different definitions of what it is to â€Å"be a man.† From modern rites of passage such as marriage or an eighteenth birthday dating back to ancient Native American rituals, boys have been transforming into men for ages. The poem, â€Å"If,† by Rudyard Kipling, deals with one man’s interpretation of the topic. The poem is narrated by a man speaking to his son, telling him everything that he must do in order to be a man. The poem goes beyond the superficial aspects of modern manhood, and delves into the deeper meaning of the word. The themes of this poem include coming of age and growth and change, since it speaks of a son being guided by his father in his transition from boyhood to manhood. The poem travels through a series of â€Å"ifs,† telling him that if he can do everything that is listed, he’ll be a man. Essentially, what it boils down to is staying true to himself and not succumbing to the pressures of society. The first stanza is telling him to stand strong in his opinions when everyone else’s resolve is crumbling; to have faith in himself; and to hold himself to a higher standard, yet not become haughty. The second stanza tells him to dream as big as he dares, but not let those dreams control him; to acknowledge that triumph and disaster do not hold any real power over him; to listen, even when people twist his words; and to be able to completely start over when everything he built falls apart. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem If By Rudyard Kipling1125 Words   |  5 PagesPoets put their tone into a poem, sometimes poems can be told from different perspectives. What really matters is how you look at a poem, the way you interpret it. Some people are able to see things that others don’t see in a poem, poetry allows readers to take their own mood from the poem and make personal connections with it. My poem is â€Å"If† by Rudyard Kipling, I personally think this is a compelling poem, with an engaging story behind it. Relating back to the poem, I have chosen several songsRead Moreâ€Å"If† In his poem â€Å"If,† Rudyard Kipling is writing to his son, John, about the most important600 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"If† In his poem â€Å"If,† Rudyard Kipling is writing to his son, John, about the most important virtues that a good human being possesses. Through the years of his life, Kipling often traveled around the U.S., and sometimes to other countries. In his travels, Kipling met one of his greatest friends, Leander Starr Jameson, a colonial politician. It is believed that, although it was addressed to Kipling’s son, â€Å"If† was actually about Jameson. By using themes Kipling saw in his friend Jameson, such asRead MoreRudyard Kipling s The Jungle Book1375 Words   |  6 Pagesjingoist (Kipling, RudyardNobel Prize Winners). Rudyard Kipling was a European man born in Bombay India in 1865. Kipling was born during an age of British Imperialism in India (McNamara and Kipling, Rudyard Hutchinson Encyclopedia). He himself was rumored to be an imperialist for Britain. Throughout his lifetime Kipling lived in Britain, India, and the United States of America (Kipling, Rudyard Worl d Authors). He used his many experiences from these areas to shape his writings. Kipling was alsoRead MoreJoseph Rudyard Kipling and his Works1147 Words   |  5 PagesRudyard Kipling â€Å"If history were taught in the form of stories, it would never be forgotten.† –Rudyard Kipling. Rudyard Kipling was born on December 30, 1865 at Bombay, India. Kipling spent the first six years of his idyllic life in India until his family moved back to England in 1871. After six months of living in England his parents abandoned him and his three year old sister, leaving them with the Holloway family, which in turn mistreated him physically and psychologically, this left him withRead More ESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS1160 Words   |  5 PagesWAR POEMS No man wants to go to war and no government wants war but there are many different circumstances that lead to the action of war. Those involved in war will have political and personal views towards it. The First World War was greeted with great enthusiasm and patriotism; however it was the war in which millions died compared to the wars after. In the past 200 years warfare has changed and with this change the ideas on war have changed too. Wilfred Owen, Rudyard Kipling and DavidRead Moreanalyze The machine poem1046 Words   |  5 Pages1 – Analyze the favorite Poem Due date 10/19/2013 (Final) The secret of the machines (by Rudyard Kipling) Each person has a different worldview. Technology can bring many benefits and convenience to our life. However, these conveniences are not unlimited. In other hand, it makes us become dependent. There is nothing better than our own. Many authors have shown that vision through poetry and writing. And the poem â€Å"The secret of the machines† by Rudyard Kipling is not out of that topicRead MoreWhite Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling1354 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden† in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. In fact, the original subtitle of this poem was â€Å"The United States and the Philippine Islands.† This was because the United States had acquired the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War. Kipling was inspired by theseRead More##ment. :If By Rudyard Kipling And The Paradoxical Commandments1369 Words   |  6 Pagesgenders? This question does not have an interpretation as there is an abundance of aspects, the points of view, opinions and more; but we can look at the different pieces of recommendation given to males and the generic suggestions. â€Å"If†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ by Rudyard Kipling and â€Å"The Paradoxical Commandments† written by Dr. Kent M. Keith encloses similarities and differences in the way the author’s grant information to their addressed masses, on the other hand, they are different in their targeted readers. â€Å"If† isRead MoreSimilarities Between The Third And Final Continent And Uglies912 Words   |  4 Pageshistory. Any person in a difficult situation always considers giving up on their road to success; however the authors of â€Å"If†, â€Å"The Third and Final Continent†, and Uglies intentionally portrayed a theme of perseverance which impacts the reader. The poem, â€Å"If† articulates several real-life circumstances that would consider the qualified person, a strong individual. â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† is a story of a man and how he overcame obstacles on his journey to America. The novel, Uglies is a futuristicRead MoreThings Fall Apart vs. Heart of Darkness Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthat it was somehow the duty of the â€Å"superior† white man to spread his ideas to the lesser people of the world. This philosophy is manifested tangibly in such Wester n writings as Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and The White Man’s Burden by Rudyard Kipling. The strongest counter argument to this idea comes from the African native and distinguished writer Chinua Achebe. His novel, Things Fall Apart, provides an in depth glance into the diversity and character of the African culture and the atrocities

Gun Control and the Second Ammendment to the Constitution...

The federal government should not ban the usage of guns because we need them to hunt and able to protect ourselves. People need to learn to be able to be around gun without the worry but those who use gun inappropriately shouldn’t have the guns. The Second Amendment says people have the right to carry concealed handguns. Judge Richard Posner said â€Å"must be interpreted to include a right to have a concealed gun in public, to have it ready for use, and have it for self defense†. The Second Amendment also says â€Å"a well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right to the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed†. The Supreme Court has made a landmark that states ruling upholding the right of people†¦show more content†¦With guns people are able to keep their families safe and even be able to scare off burglars or attackers just by simply brandishing a gun. With a gun in the home you don’t even have to fire because burglars or intruders are more scared of seeing a gun and will leave as quickly as possible. In fact, 74% of felonies say that they would stay away from people’s homes when they are home because they are scared to get shot. Even studies say that children feel safer at school when armed guards are in the school with them. If there was an outlaw of guns, criminals would still be able to get guns as they do now and innocent families and people who can’t own a gun will be on a the threat of getting shot more. A background check and mandatory of time would help stop criminals and possible tragedies. On the other hand, because of guns more rates went up of rapes, robberies, and violent crimes. Someone who has a gun is 4.5 times more likely to get shot during an assault than people who don’t have a gun. Civilian disarmament empowers not only relatively small-time murderers†¦but also paves the way of major-league mass murderers. Such as Adolf Hitler. The medical literature con gun violence is biased, riddled with serious errors in facts, logic, and methodology, and thus utterly unreliable (38). Handgun ownership has increased about 3.5 times more than the population increase since the end of world was 2 with no comparable increase in the murder rates. Also for every wild and killedShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Control1179 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial topic...gun control. Over the past decade in America, more than 100,000 people have been killed as a result of gun violence—and millions more have been the victim of assaults, robberies, and other crimes involving a gun. Many of these crimes were committed by people who never should have been able to purchase a gun in the first place. The vast majority of Americans—including gun owners—believe we must take sensible steps to address these horrible tragedies. Gun control is a serious issueRead MoreGun Control1192 Words   |  5 PagesGun Control Gun Control is a topic that has been talked about for many years now especially after many tragic deaths and other instances that have happened in past. Gun control has become one of the most important battles of 2013. In a press conference last month, President Obama pushed Congress to ban â€Å"assault† rifes and weapons, setting a limit for magazines to 10 bullets, and to introduce universal background checks for the buyers of firearms.†The debate over gun control and gun ownershipRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States2910 Words   |  12 PagesSchlickman: Gun Control There has been a huge increase of gun related deaths in the US United States and the related stories have been all over the news and newspapers. Taking guns out of circulation could be helpful, but is not likely to completely solve the problem. A current issue in the United States is gun control, and whether or not the government can, or should take away our right to own them is the big debate. There have been numerous situations covered by the news media where guns have beenRead MoreGun Control or Gun Freedom? The Casualty Rate of Violence5670 Words   |  23 Pagesobtain a gun legally. Introduction Gun control or Gun freedom has been an important debate in the American history. The proponents of Gun freedom use the 2nd amendment to indicate how the constitution protects the right of every citizen to own a gun. The opponents on the other hand question this interpretation of the 2nd amendment or call for a change in constitution if that is what it takes to make American societies safer. This group believes that this interpretation used by pro-guns lobbiesRead MoreGun Control vs. Gun Rights Essay8911 Words   |  36 PagesRunning Head: GUN CONTROL VS. GUN RIGHTS Gun Control vs. Gun Rights By Robert Marlow For CJ 450 Senior Seminar Dr. Michael Eskey Park University September 2009 Abstract Gun control and gun rights have been an issue that has been debated for decades. Whenever there has been a mass shooting of any magnitude, it seems that the debate heats up even more. Consideration must be given as to what the benefits are of these gun control laws. Gun control laws must also be written asRead MoreEssay on George Carlin and Radio Censorship4438 Words   |  18 Pagesto the first amendment.(Simones, 1995) Because of this Pacifica argued that the first amendment prohibits all governmental regulation that depends on the content of speech.(Gunther, 1991) However there is no such absolute rule mandated by the constitution, according to the Supreme Court.(Gunther, 1991) Therefore the question is whether a broadcast of patently offensive words dealing with sex and excretion may be regulated because of its content. The fact that society may find speech offensive

Comparison Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa free essay sample

Compare and Contrast Perseus holding the Head of Medusa with Parmigianincfs Madonna of the Long Neck Benevuto Cellinis statue of Perseus holding the Head of Medusa (Figure 1) and Parmigianinds painting Madonna of the long neck (Figure 2) are both prime examples of Mannerist art. The Mannerists sought to weave a refined, idealized and graceful visual style with arcane, complicated iconography to create artworks of complexity and elegance. This essay will discuss hoe both artists differ in technique nd will demonstrate a contrast between the highly political significance of Cellinis statue and Parmigianinds religious painting. Throughout my discussion I will also explore how both artists comparatively adopt their own maniera as they wilfully complicate the narrative of their traditional subjects. The painting and the sculpture focus on the idealization of the human figure, symbolism, explicit and implicit sexual content all to increase the Mannerist complexity of the art. Ultimately this essay will conclude how both works of art intensify the emotional drama or add literary or isual references so knowledgeable viewers had to work hard to decipher the meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison: Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Benevuto Cellinis bronze statue of Perseus with the head of Medusa stands on a square base in the Loggia dei Lanzi of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence. The subject of his work is derived from the mythological story of Perseus beheading Medusa. The relations of male and female, victorious versus vanquished and oppression versus repression are the fundamental themes of this statue, which at the time of its creation had a deep political meaning. Parmigianinds oil painting Madonna of the Long Neck dates from 1 535 1540 and was commissioned as an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria dei Servi in Parma. The subject of this painting comes from Christianity: Mary holding Christ. The painting has religious significance as it was created for a chapel, evidently dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Although Cellinis sculpture and Parmigianinds painting were commissioned in different parts of Italy, their different locations remain highly important in their Cellini uses the lost-wax process and treats the act of modelling, and carefully manipulates the soft material into a heroic act. Perseus steps forwards, his head bowed, right arm flexed, left arm raised with the truncated body of Medusa below him. By sculpting other slim, twisting, and fleshless creatures such as his Narcissus (Figure 3), Cellini follows Michelangelds rendition of the idealized human form and thus uses High Renaissance examples to express his new ideals. The sculpture seems designed to move the fgural members with the greatest conceivable inventionl demonstrating Cellinis artistic skills in his imaginative development of the sculpture. Cellini made the conscious decision to work in this medium because by ouring molten metal into the cast, he was vivifying the sculpture with life-giving blood2. Coles suggestion is an example of Cellinis enthusiastic artistry and his confidence confound in the process of making the sculpture. The smooth casting of Perseus face is almost identical to that of Donatellos bronze David, an evident indication that Cellini was following a canonical Renaissance way to depict the idea of a beautiful face. Medusas head is also idealised: her sensuous skin contrasts her snake-like head of hair, thus confusing the narrative of the sculpture. The rather lithe legant athletic slim form of Perseus corresponds to the dominant aesthetic of the time. According to Charles Avery this elegant effortless poise was the hallmark of Mannerist Art3, and thus the smoothness of the limbs and Cellinis fine finishes distinguish his sculpture as a skilled work of Mannerist art. Parmigianino however adopts the oil painting technique for his altarpiece. In preparation for the work Parmigianinds numerous drawings reveal the way in which the altarpiece developed from conventional beginnings to a unique end. The drawings for the Madonna of he Long Neck represent an exemplary case study of the evolution of the artists ideas both with regard to issues of form and contentS. The Study for Madonna of the Long Neck Red Chalk heightened with white (Figure 4) is an appropriate example to support this as Parmigianino sketches an almost identical figure of the Madonna with similar gestures. The beginnings of Christs form are also obvious: splayed across her lap, his legs become visible. In the painting, the Madonna is larger than life-size in comparison to the attendants to the left of the composition.

Scarlet Letter Description Essays - Film, , Term Papers

Scarlet Letter Description The Scarlet Letter involves many characters that go through several changes during the course of the story. In particular, the young minister Dimmesdale, who commits adultery with Hester, greatly changes. He is the moral blossom of the book, the character that makes the most progress for the better. It is true that Dimmesdale, being a minister, should be the role model of the townspeople. He is the last person who should commit such an awful crime and lie about it, but in the end, he confesses to the town. Besides, everybody, including ministers, sin, and the fact that he confesses illustrates his courage and morality. Hester and Dimmesdale's affair goes undiscovered until Hester is pregnant and bears a child without having her husband present. As her punishment, Hester is forced to stand on the scaffold in the middle of the market place, with an A on her chest. Dimmesdale has not told a single person that he is the adulterer. He sits in the balcony with the Governor, a judge, a general, and the rest of the ministers, watching the display, without any expression or emotion. Hester and Pearl go to the Governor's home to deliver a pair of gloves, but more importantly to inquire about the possibility of the government taking away her child. Also there with Governor Bellingham are Pastor Wilson, Reverend Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. After Mr. Wilson asks Pearl a few questions, the Governor decides that Hester is unfit as a mother and that the child would be better off in the hands of the church. Hester begs Dimmesdale, whom she says knows everything about her and has charge of her soul, to speak for her. Therefore, he does, convincing the Governor to let Hester keep Pearl. This is Dimmesdale's first step to becoming the moral blossom. Late at night, a few years after the previous incident, Dimmesdale takes a walk through the town. He climbs onto the scaffold and pretends to confess; though there is no one out at this time at night. Hester and Pearl, on their way home, pass Dimmesdale on the scaffold. Dimmesdale calls out to them and they join him, standing hand in hand in the darkness. Dimmesdale has begun the road to confession by acknowledging Hester and Pearl and by acting out confession. Now he feels guiltier than ever. He tortures himself, partly because of Chillingworth's actions, by whipping himself and self-inflicting the letter A on his chest. As a result, Dimmesdale preaches the best sermons of his life and becomes more involved with the church and its people. His morality has strengthened even more because he has a large amount of guilt that can be heard in his voice as pathos and the people connect with it, and he wants salvation. Near the end of the book, Dimmesdale and Hester finally meet in the woods to talk. They decide to flee the town by a ship that is leaving in a few days. After making this choice, Dimmesdale is haunted by bad feelings and strange urges that make him realize that it is Satan urging him to deny his sin by running away. Therefore, Dimmesdale changes his mind and chooses to stay. After his change of heart, Dimmesdale re-writes the Election Day sermon that he is to preach. He successfully gives the sermon and afterwards climbs up onto the scaffold. He then asks Hester and Pearl to join him. Pearl is excited because she has waiting for this moment for a long time. Hester is hesitant, but does join him. Standing hand in hand once again, Dimmesdale confesses to the town that he is the adulterer, he shows the A on his chest, and he forgives Chillingworth for torturing him. Then, Dimmesdale drops on his knees and dies right there on the scaffold, right in front of everyone. Dimmesdale is a lot like many people today. We are afraid to admit to wrong doings and we allow the guilt to torment us until we cannot bear it any longer. Dimmesdale is the perfect example of how evil we can become when we let our guilt overcome us, but he is the moral blossom of the novel because he realizes what he is doing, he is ashamed of it, and he confesses and forgives to rid himself of his tormentors.

Health Research Methodology Essay Example

Health Research Methodology Essay Example Health Research Methodology Paper Health Research Methodology Paper Research is a scientific process of inquisition and analysis which seeks to contribute or challenge present knowledge. Contributing or challenging existing knowledge is initiated by presenting a question that needs to be answered or a problem that needs to be solved. Through research, individuals are able to understand how objects in the universe act or perform, formulate concepts or theories that are acceptable and discernible to the majority, explain events and phenomena, and such. (Fraenkel Wallen, 2006) Research requires the acquisition of existing and relevant data or information for analysis and observation. Through this, the researcher is able to conduct testing and experimentation and relate the results to previous knowledge in order to come up with a new concept, contribute to an existing concept, or prove the reliability of an existing concept. Research may be classified as basic or pure research or applied research. The objective of basic or pure research is not in line with a specific field. Basic or pure research is conducted in order to simply add information to accumulated existing knowledge. Applied research, on the other hand, is conducted in order to deal with a particular problem or interest. Applied research results in the conclusion of a solution or a remedy that shall be applied to a particular instance or scenario. (Neuman, 2006) Research Paradigms Paradigms that structure research include the inductive paradigm and the deductive paradigm, qualitative research and quantitative research, or a mixed paradigm which necessitates the use of two or more individual paradigms. In social research, there are other research paradigms identified such as the conflict paradigm, feminism, Darwinism, positivism, structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, etc. (Babbie, 2001) Perhaps, research paradigms are particular for each field, owing to the differences in nature and requirements. To tackle general paradigms that govern research, the inductive, deductive, qualitative, and quantitative paradigms of research shall be described. The inductive paradigm begins with specific principles or ideas to general principles or ideas, while the deductive paradigm follows the opposite movement. (Cresswell, 1994) The quantitative method follows the deductive paradigm and relies on statistics or data, and from it formulates interpretations, in order to formulate a generalization or a conclusion. On the other hand, generalizations or conclusions from qualitative data rely on a set of knowledge, principles, theories, etc. and follows the inductive paradigm. (Neuman, 2006) Paradigms provide a structure or a context on which research is to be patterned. It propels the research process because it has the ability to direct and guide researchers for them to realize their identified goals and objectives. Therefore, an effective research study necessitates the researcher’s familiarity of these paradigms and how they should be applied to the research process. Problem definition A first step in conducting a research is by defining the problem that will be answered by the research. Problem definition answers the questions of what the research is all about and why the research is being conducted. The problem is a question that needs to be answered itself. However, it also seeks to answer other relevant questions such that will guide the research process. These questions will answer the causes and effects of the problem, the magnitude and kind of information needed to obtain in order to answer the question or solve the problem, the resources needed for the research, the goal or objective of the research, the expected results or outcome of the research, etc. Problem definition involves the presentation of a given scenario or situation, phenomenon, or any other information that provides a background of what the problem is all about. The problem definition also identifies how the researcher will go about the research process, identifying the paradigm that needs to be implemented, the tools and resources that should be employed, and the research expectations. Defining a problem also bears in mind some aspects that need to be addressed in the process including the researcher’s interest or curiosity regarding the issue, the degree or enormity of the problem (usually, the problem needs to be specified from a general point of view, but sill maintaining its substance worthy of the research process), etc. (Kuman, 2005) Literature Review The Literature Review is an analytical or judicious evaluation of materials or resources that are related to the theme of the research. Moreover, the literature review serves as a compilation of all types of publications that discusses a topic relative to the research subject. The information disclosed in the literature review sets the position of the research topic, determining the concepts that supports or challenges the focus of the research study. The literature review also provides a framework that illustrates the course of the research subject through time, including additional information contributed, and changes in trends and approaches, etc. A literature review should be composed of how the problem was identified or unraveled in its particular setting, the actual narration or representation of gathered materials or resources, the assessment of the gather materials and resources, and the elucidation of related literature to the context of the research subject. (Macauley, 2001) Other requirements in presenting an outstanding literature review is to argue different points of view from varied materials and resources in order to determine a common ground and the differences that make each material or source valuable to the research process. The ability of the researcher to identify flaws within each material or resource also guides him toward a particular research approach. (University of Melbourne, 2007) Designing a Research Proposal Designing a research proposal follows a long process of planning and evaluation. The research proposal contains an overview of the entire research process that aims to present the purpose and significance of a particular research subject. The proposal provides factual and significant reasons that explain why the research should be conducted in terms of the objectives that it is trying to accomplish and the scale of knowledge that it will contribute to existing facts or data. Another purpose of the research proposal is to project in depth knowledge and expertise regarding the subject of the research, making clear the objective of the research process will be acknowledged and realized. The accuracy and flaws of the research process will also be identified in the research proposal. The good points of the research will be kept in check and the flaws of the process (for instance, inappropriate methodology or lacking background information) will also be identified to allow for immediate alterations. A research proposal includes the following: the title of the research study (clear and specific), information about the researchers, background information regarding the research problem, the goals and objectives of the research study, the processes or methodology that will be employed in the research process (including techniques or approaches, measurement tools, the variables for the study, the materials or resources that will be utilized during the research process, and the expected outcome or direction of the research study after the research process. Qualitative Research Method The qualitative method in research is usually used in the social sciences, in specific topics that deals with the explanation of human behavior, way of life, social interaction, etc. based on assumptions, observations, narrative data, and other means. It does not however rely on numerical statistics or date to come up with a generalization or a conclusion. The qualitative method as a research is investigative and probing in nature, subjective to personal but rational interpretations or assessments by the research, based on established concepts, theories, or laws, and information obtained from related materials or resources. Another feature of the qualitative method when applied to research is its propensity to extract conclusions from a natural unaffected situation or state of mind, based on the points of view of the researcher. The qualitative research method employs a unique set of tools or instruments to go about conducting the research such as ethnographical observation (observing a particular group with common traits and backgrounds), case study approach (assessment of a constrained case or an occurrence), phenomenological approach (exerting effort to understand and explain a particular phenomena). Biographical approach (obtaining knowledge about an individual), fishbowl observation (an individual or a group of people are observed under a particular setting in a given period of time), historiographical approach (drawing conclusions and generalizations from historical facts and data), etc. (Strauss Corbin, 1990) Quantitative Research If qualitative data deals with exploration and discovery of particular situations or phenomena as a subject of research and conclusion, quantitative research deals with numerical or statistical data in order to reach a valid generalization. It is objective, concentrating on the measured and valid interpretations of obtained data from the methodology and the results of the research process. Quantitative research is experimental and aims to prove or disprove theories through conventional and determined processes. Quantitative research is mostly used in a various fields of science, as opposed to qualitative research which is usually employed in social sciences and other fields similar to the structure of social science. Quantitative research is utilized in pure sciences such as chemistry, physics, algebra, biology, and social science as well, etc. Quantitative research usually makes use of a controlled setting, with the use of variables in order to arrive at a conclusion. (Cresswell, 2003) It also follows a systematic process that adapts the deductive paradigm, that which aims to formulate a concept, theory, or law. Moreover, this type of research is leaning towards the formulation of paradigms and theoretical frameworks illustrated in statistical or numerical fashion. The most common methods or techniques to carry out quantitative research are through the use of questionnaires, observation of controlled settings, etc. Interview and Questionnaire Design The interview and questionnaire design is a method employed in research in order to gather or obtain related data significant to the goals and objectives of the research study. Interview is a research technique that requires a dialogue or a consultation with a resource person in order to gather first hand information about the subject of the research. A questionnaire may be used in order to guide the interview process. However, the usual purpose of the questionnaire is to gather information from a specific or focus group for measurement and interpretation. The interview and questionnaire as methods of research may be used in both qualitative and quantitative research. However, it is important to keep in mind that before deciding to use specific research techniques, the goals and objectives of the research study must be identified in order to determine whether these techniques would be efficient to realize the goals and objectives of the research study. After determining the goals and objectives of the research study and the usefulness of interview and questionnaire has been identified, the researcher has to come up with steps in order to carry out these techniques. An interview requires approval from a resource person, and a scheduling available time and day both for the researcher and the interviewee to conduct the dialogue. The researcher should keep in mind that the questions should meet the requirements of the research, with clear and definite questions. Questioning should not be time-consuming. In designing a questionnaire, the following attributes should be kept in mind. A questionnaire should be short and extensive. The questions should be understandable and should not take a lot of time for the respondents to answer. It should also include a short introduction that presents the research study, the researchers, and the goals and objectives of the study. (Creative Research Systems, 2008) Sampling Strategies Sampling strategies are techniques utilized in sampling or selecting a section from a population to focus the study on. They are also implemented in order to ensure that the sample population that will be taken and studied from the total population will meet the desired results and generalizations of the research study. There are several sampling strategies utilized in research. Probability sampling can be categorized into four kinds, the simple random, stratified random, the cluster, and the systematic sampling. Simple random sampling selects arbitrarily from the population. The stratified random sampling categorizes the population into subgroups or divisions and samples will be drawn from each subgroup or division. Cluster sampling is grouping the population into clusters according to similarities, and samples will be drawn from each cluster. Systematic sampling follows a pattern of selecting a sample that will be observed. Non-probability sampling is categorizes under three techniques of sampling such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. Convenience sampling is selecting a sample population based on availability or accessibility. Quota sampling is dependent on the opportunity to obtain a sample and setting a quota for variables such as quotas for female or male samples, etc. Purposive sampling is designed to meet a particular goal or objective. Samples are not derived randomly but are selected according to the sample’s ability to answer the purpose of the research. (Landrenaeu, 2007) Quality of Data Reliability and Validity The reliability and validity of data determines the significance and authority of a research study. Research studies will be welcomed as a reliable contribution to existing knowledge if it is consistent and dependable. The reliability of data as revealed in a research study may be tested from conducting another research or experiment. If a research study is reliable, other research studies would yield the same results or conclusions. A research study will become commendable, worthy of attention and scrutiny if it reliable. However, a research study cannot stand in itself just by being reliable because reliability in itself does not make up a good research study. The research study should also be valid. Validity requires that a research study is precise or truthful. Upon testing or evaluation of the research study, its results or conclusions should have answered the goals and objectives of the research. A research study will not be valid if its results or conclusions tackle a different concept, theory or law. To fully identify whether a particular research study is valid, three validity contents should be determined, including the content, the concurrent and predictive, and the construct validity aspects of the research study. A research study proven to be reliable and valid becomes a valuable part of knowledge and science. (Golafshani, 2003) Data Management and Data Analysis Data management involves organizing data collected throughout the duration of the research process. Researchers should be able to accumulate in an organized and systematic fashion for easy retrieval and access. Moreover, large amounts of data should be clustered according to their content and purpose in order to lessen ambiguity and overkill when it comes to digesting the content of the research study. Primarily, the purpose of data management is to gather data in such a way that they the content of data is in line with the purpose of the research study. Data management is also used to accumulate data used in the research for the benefit of other researchers. (Miles Huberman, 2004) Data analysis requires synthesizing gathered data for the purpose of identifying similar and complementary content, determining useful or significant data to meet the goals and objectives of the research study, accumulating all necessary data, digesting the content of the data, interpreting the content of the data, describing its role in the research process, etc. Data analysis concentrates on the validity of the content of data. The process of analyzing data involves breaking down the content of the data and synthesizing them to make a connection or a pattern that will be used to arrive at a result or conclusion. Data analysis is done through numerical processes. Research Ethics The research process and all its aspects should follow certain ethical issues and concerns. Research ethics was designed to project the field of research in a reliable, dependable, trustworthy, and respectable fashion. It aims to look after the rights of all stakeholders, from the researcher, scientists, participants involved in the research process, the government, the community, etc. Primarily, research ethics is employed to provide guidelines and limits to researchers in conducting the research study. It is most applicable when the research study requires the involvement of other people intended to be utilized for testing or experimentation. The simplest example of ethics in research is the obtainment of private information during the interview or answering of questionnaire. If the interviewee or respondent refuses to answer a particular question due to a valid personal reason, then the researcher should respect the decision. (Resnik, 2008) Other ethical concerns that researchers should follow are the following. Target participants in the research study should not be forced to join the research study. The researcher should also follow ethical rules about privacy and confidentiality of information. Researchers should not trick target participants into participating in the research study, including revealing false information or concealing other information regarding the research. In general, researchers should uphold ethical standards in research in order to keep the dignity and the consistency of the field of research. Research should not be used to injure stakeholders or damage the environment. Rather it should be utilized to contribute to existing knowledge and the betterment of everyday life. References Babbie, E. (2001). â€Å"The Practice of Social Research, 9th Ed. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Creative Research Systems. (2008). â€Å"Survey Design.† Retrieved August 27, 2008, from Creative Research Systems, Inc. Website: surveysystem.com/sdesign.htm Cresswell, J. W. (1994). â€Å"Research Design: Qualitative Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications Inc. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). â€Å"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods and Approaches. California: Sage Publications Inc. Fraenkel, J. R. Wallen, N. E. (2006). â€Å"How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education.† NY: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Words in Context Key SAT Reading and Writing Strategies

Words in Context Key SAT Reading and Writing Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are no more sentence completion questions on the SAT, so your vocabulary knowledge will be tested with questions that fall under the umbrella of the Words in Context subscore. In this article, I'll give you the inside scoop on what these questions are, what forms they might take in both the Reading and Writing sections, and which strategies work best for solving them accurately. What Are SAT Words in Context Questions? Words in Context is a subscore category on the new SAT that includes questions in both the Reading and Writing sections of the test.Your Words in Context subscore is calculated by adding up the points you earn from answering all the questions in this category.There are 18 of these questions per test (ten in the Reading section and eight in the Writing section), so your raw score will range from one to 18. This raw score is converted to a subscore out of 15. The SAT has seven subscores spanning the different sections of the test that are all converted to scaled scores out of 15. These scores can help identify each student's specific strengths and weaknesses.Here’s a raw score to subscore conversion chart to show what I mean: Since there are no more Sentence Completion questions on the new SAT, all vocabulary questions on the new SAT fall into the Words in Context subscore category.Words in Context questions focus on understanding the different meanings of common words and choosing words that are most appropriate for the given circumstances. They won't test your knowledge of advanced vocabulary that you would rarely (if ever) use in daily life like the old SAT did. On the Reading section, these types of questions will ask you to: Use context clues to decide which meaning of a word or phrase is being used in a specific instance (vocabulary in context) Decide how the author’s word choice affects meaning, style, and tone in the passage (purpose of words in context) On the Writing section, they will ask you to: Alter word choice to convey the appropriate style or tone (improving word choice) Improve syntax of the passage (combining sentences) Improve word choice to make the sentence more precise (fill in the blank) Words in Context questions are important to master because they make up nearly 20 percent the Reading and Writing sections.To give you an idea of exactly what to expect, I’ll provide examples of two Reading questions and three Writing questions that represent all the different types of Words in Context questions you might see on the test. What Do Words in Context SAT Questions Look Like? This section includes examples ofthe various types of words in context questions that you'll come across in both the Reading and Writing sections. Reading Section Example #1: Vocabulary in Context These are the most common types of Words in Context questions on the Reading section.If you’ve ever taken the ACT, you may notice that these are very similar to the vocabulary questions on ACT Reading.They will ask you to choose the best synonym for a given word in the passage based on its context. Here’s an example: In this sentence, we can see that â€Å"credit† means something like â€Å"trust† because the demographers are the ones giving us data to suggest that the public transportation is on the upswing.If we trust them, the trend is real. Now that it's clear what we are looking for, it's time to go through the choices. Choice A is incorrect because â€Å"endow† means to equip or furnish someone with something, which isn’t a good replacement for the form of â€Å"credit† being used here. Choice B is also incorrect because â€Å"attribute† would mean â€Å"cite,† which makes a little bit of sense, but still doesn’t match up with what the original sentence is saying. Choice C seems to fit pretty well. If we â€Å"believe† the demographers, the growing popularity of public transportation is a reality. Choice D is wrong because â€Å"honor" isn't a synonym for â€Å"trust,† and taking the demographers at their word is not the same as actively â€Å"honoring† them. Final Answer: C Example #2: Analyzing Word Choice Rhetorically You’ll also see questions that ask why certain words are used.Here’s an example along with the section of the passage it references: Rather than choosing the correct definition of a word, you must determine why the author uses certain words and how they affect the reader’s perception of the passage. The three words mentioned in the question all indicate hopeful uncertainty, so that's something we should look for in the description of the tone. Also, upon rereading the paragraph, it's clear that this is a very dry, scientific reporting of facts. This clinical quality combined with the words listed seems to indicate that they're used as a means of stating aspects of the authors' hypothesis while clarifying that their beliefs are not yet scientifically confirmed. Ok, time to look at the choices. Based on the unemotional writing style of the paragraph, Choice A doesn’t fit. There is no descriptive language to suggest either an optimistic (or pessimistic) tone. It simply states the central tenets of the authors' hypothesis along with several supporting facts. Choice B can also be eliminated because there is nothing to indicate a "dubious" or doubtful tone. Again, the authors are stating their hypothesis in scientific terms without giving us any clear insight into their deeper feelings about it. Choice C is the most promising so far. It reflects the measured, scientific tone of the paragraph. The authors believe in their hypothesis to a certain extent, but they can’t state their beliefs as facts because they haven’t conducted any experiments to test them. Finally, Choice D is definitely out. The elaboration in the second part of the sentence is overly specific, and once again, the passage doesn’t have strong enough language to establish a critical tone. Final Answer: C We need to keep the bees healthy so we can put their sweet puke in our tea. Writing Section Example #3: Choose the Best Word These questions are similar to vocabulary in context Reading questions, but they ask you to think in a slightly different way. You have to choose the word that fits best in the passage rather than just determining what the word in the passage means.Here’s an example: Let's look at what the sentence is trying to say. The officials recently ordered six original paintings of cats from an artist. If the museum privately hired someone to paint the cats, it wouldn't be necessary for any sort of public announcement or "decree" to be issued. Based on this understanding of the sentence, choice A, "NO CHANGE", doesn’t quite work. We're looking for a word that means the same as "ordered" in the sense of "the officials ordered Chinese food" but in a more formal, artistic context. Choice B is a very promising answer. If you're familiar at all with the art world, you'll know that people and institutions often "commission" works from artists. This is just a fancier way of describing the process of submitting an order for a specific painting that you would like an artist to create. Makes sense considering what we know so far, so we'll keep it in the mix. Choice C, â€Å"forced,† indicates that there was resistance to the creation of the paintings, and there’s no evidence for that.This answer can be crossed out. Choice D, â€Å"licensed,† implies that the paintings already existed and the museum went through a legal process to make them official. This doesn't jive with our understanding of the sentence at all; any licensing, if applicable, would be done after the paintings were completed. Final Answer: B Example #4: Improving Word Choice In some Writing questions that fall under the Words in Context category, you have to choose the word that makes the most sense given the tone of the passage.Here’s an example: What type of word are we looking for? Let's examine the context. Well, the food was described as being of "terrible quality" earlier in the passage, so we want a synonym for unpalatable or gross. The passage is also a formal historical account, so we're looking for a word that matches with the serious tone. Choice A can be ruled out because â€Å"sinister† isn’t an appropriate word choice based on what the sentence is describing.â€Å"Sinister† means ominous or foreboding.It would be weird to describe train food as â€Å"sinister† because this word is reserved for things that are subtly unsettling, not outwardly gross. Choice B, â€Å"surly,† is an adjective that describes a person’s behavior. It can’t be applied to an inanimate object like food, so this choice should be eliminated as well. Choice C, â€Å"abysmal,† seems like a promising choice.Abysmal is a direct synonym for terrible, and it'sformal enough to fit with the tone of the passage. Keep this one. Choice D is incorrect for different reasons than the other answers we eliminated. While "icky" makes sense as a synonym for unpalatable or gross, it doesn't set the right tone. It's way too informal to work with the rest of the passage. Final Answer: C Example #5: Combining Sentences This is another type of question that the SAT puts in the words in context category, though it is a bit different from the other types that I've gone through. In these questions, you just have to decide the best way to combine two sentences that are separate in the original passage. It's still categorized as a Words in Context question because you're asked to modify the phrasing of the sentences so they fit together seamlessly in the context of the paragraph. It requires you to understand how to use language effectively.Here’s an example: First, let's make sure we understand the content of the original two sentences. The passage has already established that artificial lights lower worker productivity. The purpose of these two sentences is to add another reason to dislike artificial lights: their excessive cost. We're looking for a combination of the two sentences that preserves this purpose and maintains its grammatical integrity. Choice A looks pretty good. It avoids misplaced modifiers and maintains focus on the costliness of the lights. We can keep this one. Choice B is incorrect because it indicates that the cost of artificial light sources lowers worker productivity. This is an inaccurate statement because we know from the rest of the passage that the quality of the light source used in the office impacts productivity, not its cost. Choice C is wrong because it is worded awkwardly and doesn’t emphasize the central point of the two sentences. It gives equal attention to the two negative attributes of artificial light sources when cost is the main focus of this paragraph. Choice D is wrong because, like choice C, it misses the point of the original sentences.It emphasizes a supporting detail about the lights' energy use while only briefly touching on the subject of their costliness. Natural lighting makes for a cheerier and less expensive office. Fluorescent lights will steal your soul if you work under them for long enough. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! 4 Tips for Words in Context SAT Questions Tip #1: Read the Whole Paragraph These questions are about words (and sentence structure) IN CONTEXT, which means you shouldn’t focus solely on the sentence in which the word appears.This is especially true for questions that ask you to choose the word that fits the tone of the entire paragraph or passage.Always read the surrounding paragraph so that you don’t get an inaccurate impression of the meaning of the word or the author’s intentions. Tip #2: Predict the Answer One strategy I would recommend for vocabulary in context questions is to formulate your own idea of what the word means in context before looking at the answer choices.Sometimes looking at the choices can make things more confusing.If you already have an idea in your head of what the answer should be, your thought process is less likely to be disrupted. Tip #3: Plug It In A good method for testing out answer choices on Words in Context questions is plugging each of your options back into the sentence.This tip applies to vocabulary in context questions and improving word choice questions.It’s much easier to see the flaws in answer choices if you read the sentence over again using the proposed replacement word.If you plug in the word and it doesn’t feel right, you should reconsider your choice. Tip #4: Reading, Not Flashcards Finally, as you're preparing for the SAT, the best thing you can do to improve your performance on these types of questions is to practice your overall reading comprehension. The more you read, the easier it will be for you to discern the various meanings of words based on their contexts. You're far more likely to have seen the word used that way before if you've been reading a lot. See this article for some greatways to develop better reading comprehension in conjunction with studying for words in context questions. The more you challenge your brain with advanced reading materials, the simpler the passages and vocabulary words on the SAT will seem to you. Conclusion Words in Context is a subscore category on the SAT that encompasses all questions related to vocabulary knowledge and appropriate word choice. On the Reading section, these questions will ask you to use context clues to choose the correct synonym for a word or to identify the purposes of certain words.On the Writing section, Words in Context questions ask you to improve word choice and combine sentences smoothly. The strategies I would recommend for solving these types of questions include: Reading the whole paragraph containing the word(s) in the question Predicting the answer before reading the choices Plugging in the answer choices to test them out Practicing reading comprehension, not vocab memorization Unlike the old sentence completion SAT questions, words in context questions don’t require knowledge of advanced vocabulary.If you take a thoughtful, analytical approach to these questions, you should be able to answer them correctly without spending hours studying flashcards. What's Next? Struggling with SAT Reading? Here are six strategies that will help you increase your scores to a more competitive level. You can also check out these five tips to excel on the Writing section if you're more concerned about that part of the test. If you're looking for some review books to help you out with your studying, check out our reviews of the best books for each section of the SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The impact of online courses on education. You might focus on a Essay

The impact of online courses on education. You might focus on a particular field of study for this choice I would focus on business - Essay Example Online education is one of the most important alternatives that can provide students time and new ideas for business oriented decisions. This essay will discuss about the impacts of online education on Master of Business Administration. Online education has been doubted by many people because of the change in the educational trend (Green, 2000). In the modern world Online education is accepted by students because of various reasons. Students who choose online education courses mostly belong from middle or lower class group and they prefer to work while they are studying. Master of Business Administration is a course that is available for business studies. Students participating in M.B.A. mostly have a tendency to become young entrepreneurs. Online educations have been able to shift the paradigm that has helped students to think in a creative manner because they are exposed to numerous knowledge forums rather than a single opinion of a particular text. Education should focus on business for solutions to its problems (Levy, 2003). Education does not simply mean a classroom with many students and a faculty standing in front of them. The implementation of technology is a positive way to achieve educational goals. Students getting knowledge through online education also get the support of faculties online. There are course materials provided to students through online web sites that offer the courses. In the traditional class-room there is a lack of innovation despite of prescribed texts and support from online materials. (Pierce, 2007) Students who go to college and sit in classroom have notion that they have to complete the syllabus provided to them in a stipulated amount of time but the creative thinking in the mind of students do-not get proper space to boost up. M.B.A. is a course that helps students to understand the working of organizations. The job profile and responsibility of an employee is well described in the course

Feminist View In Nuclear Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Feminist View In Nuclear Discourse - Essay Example This paper tresses that the use of the feminist perspective and feminist view implies that the discussions of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass discussions has normalised and presented nuclear weapons in the daily vocabulary and discussion of nuclear weapons in the general and everyday sense. The research indicates that gender is a fundamental matter and situation in discussions about nuclear discourse. This is because the role of feminist views and feminist discourse is steeped in the need to break down male domination in the society in order to create a system in which women and children are fairly included. The use of nuclear weapons emerged at a time where men dominated the military terrain and hence, most of the views and ideas relating to nuclear weapons are fundamentally masculine rather than feminist. Therefore, the growth and expansion of nuclear weapons and the nuclear discourse has encompassed numerous conflicts relating to masculine and feminist views. Through the masculinist and feminist discourse, there have been numerous modifications and changes in the systems and processes of viewing and conceiving nuclear weapons. The first aspect is that feminist perspective acts as a general check to views and opinions presented on nuclear weapons. Secondly, feminist consideration for the impact of nuclear weapons on women and children as well as future generations plays a central role in the definition of women in society. Thirdly, the sacredness of military usage for nuclear weapons have been replaced by viewing nuclear weapons from a lighter, entertainment-based method and approach of viewing nuclear weapons.

Seiler BMW London Essay Example for Free

Seiler BMW London Essay I want to include the BMW logo on the top middle and my logo on the top right so when people open a letter they can see straight away, that it is a letter from the BMW company. And after that they see my logo and know from what BMW company. compliment slips: I want to include BMW logo and my own logo beside each other on the bottom right. So you can find it straight away, when you are looking through a bunch of compliment slips. 3-folded leaflet: I want to include my and BMWs logo on the bottom, beside each other, on the last page. So when you looked through it you see what company it is from. Also I want to put a little BMW logo in the middle of the first page. These are the two logos: BMWs on the right and my one on left: Design In my design I will decide between 3 3-folded leaflets, 3 business cards, 3 headed paper and 3 compliment slips. I will design everything myself and I will produce the chosen design for my company: Seiler BMW London I will design all of my product by hand on the following pages. I will include some of the information I analysed on my collected BMW product. I also have to include the BMW logo and my logo on every product. On the following pages I will show you 3 sketches of every Item I want to produce. I will choose on of these and tell you why Ive chosen it. On the next page I will how you 3 headed paper designs. I will show every design (of the product) to people and get their opinion. They will choose with me what product I am going to produce because it is not important if I think that the product is good but the people have to tell me if it is good. So every produced product was chosen by me and the opinion of the people Ive asked. I will show now ones more the BMW logo and my logo (Seiler BMW London) so I can show the EXACT colour I have to use on my products: Dark Blue White Black Grey (letters).

Change in Sheilas Character throughout An Inspector Calls Essays

Change in Sheila's Character throughout An Inspector Calls J B Priestly ‘s ‘An Inspector Calls’ is set in 1912 and was first performed in 1945. This mean there is Dramatic Irony over Birling ‘s comment about war. The plot concerns Eva Smith a working class girl who commits sucide. She used to work in Birling ‘s factory and every family member affected her life. An inspector comes to their house for investigation. Priestly message to the audience is that everyone in society is responsible for their own actions and the way in which they affect others. At the beginning of the play, Sheila is a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited. She is getting married to Gerald Croft. â€Å"Oh – it’s wonderful! Look Mummy – isn’t it a beauty? Oh darling (she kisses Gerald Hastily)†. After the inspector arrives she wants to know what is going on and when she founds out she is shocked. â€Å"Oh how horrible! Was it an accident?† Sheila accepts that she is partly to blame for Eva ‘s sucide because she got her fired from Milwards shop. The audience fee...

Prison Nursery Essay

The authors describe prison nurseries as living arrangements within a correctional facility that allow incarcerated mothers to keep their infants (born during their incarceration) with them through all or part of their sentence. This article brings to question whether these women should be treated any differently than any other incarcerated women and who should pay for these programs. The authors note that this may be one of the most controversial debates surrounding the imprisonment of women. At the time of this study, the authors note that there are currently 8 states that provide prison nursery programs: California, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, and Washington. This is up from only 3 states in 1998 and notes that New York has had a prison nursery program since 1901. The authors illustrate studies that have shown that the recidivism rate among women who have been allowed to keep their children in prison nurseries is lower than that of other women. Howev er, limited studies have been cited concerning the development of children born into and raised within a prison nursery program. The authors discuss the cost of prison nursery programs as being one major hurdle into starting and/or continuing these programs. Most nursery programs are segregated from the general prison population and are staffed with both civilian and correctional staff, allowing for public and private funding to be used. The authors’ note that a large percentage of the children in prison nursery programs would otherwise be cared for through public dollars whether it be within the foster care system or public assistance to the interim caregiver during the mother’s incarceration so there seems to be little difference in the funding or use of funding in terms of child care. Through several studies the authors note the strict guidelines for eligibility for these programs, including type of crime, past history of abuse, and length of sentence. Each program has its on set of criteria and rules but the authors state that the idea behind the programs is the same wherever it is incorporated and that is to provide an opportunity for mother and child to succeed. The authors conclude that prison nurseries should be more widely available as the trend of women being incarcerated has continued to rise and no decline seems to be forthcoming. They note that studies into the long term effects on children born into prison nurseries is also needed as well as re-entry into society must be closely monitored and facilitated in order for true results to be determined.

Young Generation in New Era

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best far the simple reason that they have lieen around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional polities or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their pexsonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the ratrace? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn' t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old – if they are prepared to admit it-coutd learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not â€Å"sinful†.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis orr the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of t.he generaiion that bequeathed it?II. Read Read the following passages. Underline the important viewpoints while reading.1. Problems of the YoungMore than 20 Chinese and Ameri can experts discovered that young people of both countries are facing the same probiems of economic and social pressures and lack of confidence. Wayne Meisel, director of the Campus Outreach Opportunity League of Minnesota University, said that under economic pressure American young people have to work hard and most students have to take part-time work in order to support themselves.â€Å"Young people today, ?he said, â€Å"are stereotyped as apathetic, selfcentred, and concerned only with making money and getting ahead.† In these circumstances, he said, young people lack confidence,whicb was not the case in the 1960s when young Americans thought themselves capable of doing anything. In spite of the different conditions in China, Li Xuequan, director of the, higher education section of the All-China Youth Federation, said Chinese young people are alsc facing economic pressure and are worried about iriflation and corruption. Trading has appeared in many Chinese universities a s students with something to sell try to make money on campus.Moreover, Li said, college students have begun to doubt whether what they are learning in class will help them find work,as many businesses totally ignore students of pure theory. So people describe students as â€Å"a lost generation tired of study†, regardless of the causes in society that are shaking their confidence.

Learn About the Falklands War

Learn About the Falklands War Fought in 1982, the Falklands War was the result of the Argentine invasion of the British-owned Falkland Islands. Located in the South Atlantic, Argentina had long claimed these islands as part of its territory. On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands, capturing the islands two days later. In response, the British dispatched a naval and amphibious task force to the area. The initial phases of the conflict occurred mainly at sea between elements of the Royal Navy and the Argentine Air Force. On May 21, British troops landed and by June 14 had compelled the Argentine occupiers to surrender. Dates The Falklands War began on April 2, 1982, when Argentine troops landed in the Falkland Islands. The fighting ended on June 14, following the British liberation of the islands capital, Port Stanley, and the surrender of Argentine forces in the Falklands. The British declared a formal end to military activity on June 20. Prelude and Invasion In early 1982, President Leopoldo Galtieri, the head of Argentinas ruling military junta, authorized the invasion of the British Falkland Islands. The operation was designed to draw attention away from human rights and economic issues at home by bolstering national pride and giving teeth to the nations long-held claim on the islands. After an incident between British and Argentine forces on nearby South Georgia Island, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands on April 2. The small garrison of Royal Marines resisted, however by April 4 the Argentines had captured the capital at Port Stanley. Argentine troops also landed on South Georgia and quickly secured the island. British Response After organizing diplomatic pressure against Argentina, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ordered the assembly of a naval task force to retake the islands. After the House of Commons voted to approve Thatchers actions on April 3, she formed a War Cabinet which first met three days later. Commanded by Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse, the task force consisted of several groups, the largest of which was centered on the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible. Led by Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward, this group contained the Sea Harrier fighters that would provide air cover for the fleet. In mid-April, Fieldhouse began moving south, with a large fleet of tankers and cargo ships to supply the fleet while it operated more than 8,000 miles from home. All told, 127 ships served in the task force including 43 warships, 22 Royal Fleet Auxiliaries, and 62 merchant vessels. First Shots As the fleet sailed south to its staging area at Ascension Island, it was shadowed by Boeing 707s from the Argentine Air Force. On April 25, British forces sank the submarine ARA Santa Fe near South Georgia shortly before troops led by Major Guy Sheridan of the Royal Marines liberated the island. Five days later, operations against the Falklands began with the Black Buck raids by RAF Vulcan bombers flying from Ascension. These saw the bombers strike the runway at Port Stanley and radar facilities in the area. That same day Harriers attacked various targets, as well as shot down three Argentine aircraft. As the runway at Port Stanley was too short for modern fighters, the Argentine Air Force was forced to fly from the mainland, which placed them at a disadvantage throughout the conflict (Map). Fighting at Sea While cruising west of the Falklands on May 2, the submarine HMS Conqueror spotted the light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. Conqueror fired three torpedoes, hitting the World War II-vintage Belgrano twice and sinking it. This attack led to the Argentine fleet, including the carrier  ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, remaining in port for the rest of the war. Two days later, they had their revenge when an Exocet anti-ship missile, launched from an Argentine Super Étendard fighter, struck HMS Sheffield setting it ablaze. Having been ordered forward to serve as a radar picket, the destroyer was hit amidships and the resulting explosion severed its high-pressure fire main. After attempts to stop the fire failed, the ship was abandoned. The sinking of Belgrano cost 323 Argentines killed, while the attack on Sheffield resulted in 20 British dead. Landing at San Carlos Water On the night of May 21, the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp moved into Falkland Sound and began landing British forces at San Carlos Water on the northwest coast of East Falkland. The landings had been preceded by a Special Air Service (SAS) raid on nearby Pebble Islands airfield. When the landings had finished, approximately 4,000 men, commanded by Brigadier Julian Thompson, had been put ashore. Over the next week, the ships supporting the landings were hit hard by low-flying Argentine aircraft. The sound was soon dubbed Bomb Alley as HMS Ardent (May 22), HMS Antelope (May 24), and HMS Coventry (May 25) all sustained hits and were sunk, as was MV Atlantic Conveyor (May 25) with a cargo of helicopters and supplies. Goose Green, Mount Kent, and Bluff Cove/Fitzroy Thompson began pushing his men south, planning to secure the western side of the island before moving east to Port Stanley. On May 27/28, 600 men under Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Jones outfought over 1,000 Argentines around Darwin and Goose Green, ultimately forcing them to surrender. Leading a critical charge, Jones was killed later received the Victoria Cross posthumously. A few days later, British commandos defeated Argentine commandos on Mount Kent. In early June, an additional 5,000 British troops arrived and command shifted to Major General Jeremy Moore. While some of these troops were disembarking at Bluff Cove and Fitzroy, their transports, RFA Sir Tristram and RFA Sir Galahad, were attacked killing 56 (Map). Fall of Port Stanley After consolidating his position, Moore began the assault on Port Stanley. British troops launched simultaneous assaults on the high ground surrounding the town on the night of June 11. After heavy fighting, they succeeded in capturing their objectives. The attacks continued two nights later, and British units took the towns last natural lines of defense at Wireless Ridge and Mount Tumbledown. Encircled on land and blockaded at sea, the Argentine commander, General Mario Menà ©ndez, realized his situation was hopeless and surrendered his 9,800 men on June 14, effectively ending the conflict. Aftermath and Casualties In Argentina, the defeat led to the removal of Galtieri three days after the fall of Port Stanley. His downfall spelled the end for the military junta that had been ruling the country and paved the way for the restoration of democracy. For Britain, the victory provided a much-needed boost to its national confidence, reaffirmed its international position, and assured victory for the Thatcher Government in the 1983 elections. The settlement that ended the conflict called for a return to status quo ante bellum. Despite its defeat, Argentina still claims the Falklands and South Georgia. During the war, Britain suffered 258 killed and 777 wounded. In addition, two destroyers, two frigates, and two auxiliary vessels were sunk. For Argentina, the Falklands War cost 649 killed, 1,068 wounded, and 11,313 captured. In addition, the Argentine Navy lost a submarine, a light cruiser, and seventy-five fixed-wing aircraft.

Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter

Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter Joan Mitchell (February 12, 1925–October 30, 1992) was an American painter and a so-called â€Å"Second Wave† Abstract Expressionist. (The title does not do justice to her originality as a colorist; the artist preferred the label â€Å"New York School† instead.)  Mitchell’s life was characterized by a robust individualism, and much of her success is owed to her ability to unabashedly broadcast her talent despite the roadblocks set before a female artist painting on such a large scale. Fast Facts: Joan Mitchell Occupation: Painter and colorist (New York School)Born:  February 12, 1925 in Chicago, IllinoisDied: October 30, 1992 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceEducation: Smith College (no degree), Art Institute of Chicago (BFA, MFA)Key Accomplishments: Featured in the 1951 9th Street Show; regarded as a key figure of second wave Abstract ExpressionismSpouse:  Barney Rosset, Jr. (m. 1949–1952) Early Life Joan Mitchell was born February 12, 1925 to Marion and James Mitchell in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents’ behavior often left young Joan alone to develop a staunch sense of self in the absence of her parents’ guidance, not unusual of the upper crust world to which the Mitchell family belonged (her mother was an heiress to a steel fortune, her father a successful dermatologist). Mitchell was marked by a sense that her father would always be disappointed in her, as she was born a second daughter when her parents had wanted a son. She cited her father’s attitude as the reason she became an abstract painter, as it was one realm in which he had no experience nor talent and therefore was a space in which she could fully become her own self. Mitchell’s mother was one of the early editors of Poetry magazine and a successful poet in her own right. The presence of poetry, as well as her mother’s contemporaries (like poets Edna St. Vincent Millay and George Dillon), ensured that Mitchell was always surrounded by words, the influence of which can be found in many of her painting titles, such as â€Å"The Harbormaster,† after a poem of Frank O’Hara’s, and â€Å"Hemlock,† a Wallace Stevens poem. At the age of ten, Mitchell was published in Poetry, the second youngest poet to be published in those pages. Her precociousness earned her respect from her mother, jealousy from her sister Sally, and only occasional approval from her father, whom she worked so hard to please. Mitchell was pushed to excel in all endeavors, and as a result was a superb athlete, a champion diver and tennis player. She was dedicated to figure skating and competed at a regional and national level until she suffered a knee injury and abandoned the sport. Eidetic Memory and Synesthesia Eidetic memory is the ability to vividly recall sensations and visual details of moments in the past. While some children possess the ability to keep images they have experienced in their mind’s eye, many adults lose this ability once they are taught to read, replacing visual with verbal recollection. Joan Mitchell, however, retained the ability into adulthood and as a result was able to summon memories decades past, which had a profound influence on her work.  Ã‚   A Joan Mitchell canvas for sale at Christies in London. Getty Images   Mitchell also had a case of synesthesia, a crossing of neural pathways that manifests in the mixing of senses: letters and words evoke colors, sounds would create physical sensations, and other such phenomena. While Mitchell’s art cannot be described exclusively through her synesthetic eye, the constant presence of vivid color in Mitchell’s everyday certainly had an affected her work. Education and Early Career Though Mitchell wanted to attend art school, her father insisted she have a more traditional education. Thus, Mitchell began college at Smith in 1942. Two years later, she transferred to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago to complete her degree. She then received an MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1950. Mitchell married high school classmate Barnet Rosset, Jr. in 1949. Mitchell encouraged Rosset to found Grove Press, a successful mid-century publisher. The two separated in 1951, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1952, though Mitchell remained friends with Rosset all her life. Mitchell began traveling to Paris in 1955 and moved there in 1959 to live with Jean-Paul Riopelle, a Canadian abstract artist with whom she had a sporadic and drawn-out twenty-five year affair. Paris became Mitchell’s second home, and she purchased a cottage just north of Paris with the money she inherited after her mother’s death in 1967. Her relationship with France was reciprocated, as she was the first woman to have a solo show at the Musà ©e d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1982, received the title of Commandeur des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture, and was awarded Le Grand Prix des Arts de la Ville de Paris in painting in 1991. Critical Success True to the character she developed during her long tenure as a champion athlete, Mitchell exhibited a toughness that her father would have disparaged as un-ladylike, but which may have been essential to the milieu in which she operated. Mitchell drank, smoked, swore, and hung around in bars, and while not befitting a high-society lady in Chicago, this attitude served Mitchell well: she was one of a handful of female members of the Eighth Street Club, an iconic grouping of downtown artists in 1950s New York. The first hint of critical success came in 1957, when Mitchell was featured in ArtNews’s â€Å"....Paints a Picture† column. â€Å"Mitchell Paints a Picture,† written by prominent critic Irving Sandler, profiled the artist for the major magazine. In 1961, Russell Mitchell Gallery staged the first major exhibition of Mitchell’s work, and in 1972 she was recognized with her first major museum show, at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, NY. Soon after, in 1974, she was given a show at New York’s Whitney Museum, thus cementing her legacy. The last decade of Mitchell’s life saw continued critical success. A life-long smoker, Joan Mitchell died of lung cancer in Paris at the age of 67 in 1992. Artistic Legacy Mitchell’s work was by no means conventional, as she frequently used her fingers, rags, and other instruments she had lying around to apply paint to her canvas. The result is an impactful emotional encounter with her canvases, though Mitchell was often reticent to describe what emotions she was feeling at the painting’s inception and why. Mitchell is often labeled as an Abstract Expressionist, but she deviated from stereotypes of the movement in her deliberateness and distance from her work. She began a canvas not by emotional impulse as her forefathers Pollock and Kline may have, but rather worked from a preconceived mental image. Listening to classical music as she worked, she would regard her work in progress from a distance in order to monitor its progress. Far from the canvas as â€Å"arena,† a term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg in reference to the Abstract Expressionists, Mitchell’s process reveals the premeditated vision she had for her work. Sources Albers, P. (2011.) Joan Mitchell: Lady Painter. New York: Knopf.Anfam, D. (2018.) Joan Mitchell: Paintings from the Middle of the Last Century 1953-1962. New York: Cheim Read.Timeline. joanmitchellfoundation.org. http://joanmitchellfoundation.org/work/artist/timeline/

Antibiotic resistance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Antibiotic resistance - Research Paper Example In other words, it is "resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial medicine to which it was previously sensitive" (WHO, 2011). According to WHO (2011), more than 440,000 new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis emerge every year, resulting significant morbidity and mortality (David et al, 2008). To date, antibiotic resistance has been reported in more than 64 countries (WHO, 2011). Antibiotic resistance occurs due to genetic alteration of the organism and transferring of the altered genes between the organisms. The transfer can occur through transduction, conjugation or transformation. Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge globally because; resistant microorganisms fail to respond to medical therapy and result in prolonged illness and sometimes death. It hampers the control of infectious diseases. According to WHO (2011), "many infectious diseases risk becoming uncontrollable and could derail the progress made towards reaching the targets of the health-r elated United Nations Millennium Development Goals set for 2015. " Other than these, antibiotic resistance also contributes to increased cost to health care and jeopardizes various health gains to the society. In this research article, various strategies to prevent emergence of antibiotic resistance will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The article will also discuss about causes and mechanism of antibiotic resistance and consequences of antibiotic resistance. Literature review According to Williams and Sefton (1999), prevention of antibiotics resistance consists of mainly 2 parts, one is prevention of acquisition of strains that are antibiotics resistent and interruption of the various mechanisms by which antibiotic resistant organisms can spread from person to person. Antibiotic resistance mainly occurs due to use of antibiotics both in humans and animals. The greater the duration of exposure of the antibiotic, the greater is the risk of development of resistance to that particular antibiotic. The resistance occurs irrespective of the severity of the need to administer antibiotics. Thus antibiotic resistance is a major problems for clinicians. Antibiotics are often used for rearing animals for consumption purpose and this is a significant cause for antibiotic resistance. As far as use in humans is concerned, these drugs are administered to patients for both necessary and unnecessary causes and this contributes to drug resistance. In several countries, antibiotics are available over the counter and patients use them without medical advice. According to Costelloe et al (2010), even one single dose of antibiotic can contribute to resistance to that antibiotic upto one year. Arnols and Straus (2005) opined that inappropriate antibiotic prescription is the most common cause of antibiotic resistance and this can occur when the patient insists on antibiotics, when the physician prescribes antibiotics either for caution against medical legal issues , or because he has not time to explain why antibiotics must not be administered or the physician prescribes the antibiotics because of poor judgement regarding the cause of infection. According to a study by McNulty et al (2007), 33 percent of individuals feel that antibiotics have treated their common cold effectively. With such ignorance both from public and professional side, erratic prescription and intake of antibiotics

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS Research Paper

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS - Research Paper Example In 2008, FASB reorganized the many accounting principles into only 90 topics. In the same year, the Securities and exchange commission granted a roadmap that would eventually change the US use of the GAAP as accounting rules and adopt the most widely used IFRS rules, by the year 2011 (Bradshaw, 2010). The full adoption of the IFRs was projected to be accomplished by 2014. On the other hand, the history of the IFRS can be traced to 1966 when a proposal was issued to establish a study group consisting of various accounting bodies from England, USA, Canada, and Wales, which would study the possibility of establishing accounting standards that could be universally applied to guide the accounting functions of organizations the world over. In 1967, the Accountants International Study Group, tasked with the responsibility of creating the appetite for change in accounting standards, was created. The body published articles every few months on the need for change until 1973, when Accounting S tandards Committee was formulated to develop accounting standards for international use (Ball, 2006). This was followed by the establishment of the Standing Interpretations Committee to resolve the contentious issues that were arising from the standards crafted by the Accounting Standards Committee. ... By the year 2003, the International Financial Reporting Standards were first published and adopted. In 2005, the European Union adopted the standards and later all the companies in the UK were supposed to present their financial statements using these standards for their financial years commencing January 2005 (Bradshaw, 2010). The current status of the GAAP and IFRS depicts some differences in some of the accounting principles. The differences in their statuses are in terms of the impacts of the accounting standards on the financial statements provided by organizations (Wiley, 2007). Consolidation is the first of this impact where IFRS applies control model while the GAAP prefers the risk and rewards model (Bradshaw, 2010). In the preparation of the statement of income, the IFRS requires that extraordinary items are not segregated while the same are shown below the net income under the GAAP standards. Inventory is another difference currently portrayed by the preparation of the fina ncial statements under the two standards. Under the IFRS, the use of the historical method of managing stock LIFO, where the last item to be bought in the inventory list becomes the first to be sold, is prohibited. Under the GAAP system, however, organizations have a choice between the use of that historical method and the FIFO inventory management system where the first item in the inventory list becomes the first to be sold by a business entity (Ball, 2006). Under the IFRS system, the earnings-per-share calculations do not call for the averaging of the individual interim period, while under the GAAP the computation takes the averages of the individual interim period incremental shares (Bradshaw, 2010). Finally, under the IFRS

How Does the Low Cost Carrier Flydubai Manage to Increase It's Market Research Paper

How Does the Low Cost Carrier Flydubai Manage to Increase It's Market Share in the Aviation Industry in the Middle East Region - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the Dubai based Flydubai Airline is one of the LCCs that has succeeded in carving a considerable market niche for itself. The airline launched its operations in 2009 and has since spread its services to different parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. One aspect that has made the airline successful is innovation on unique strengths and not in competing with larger airlines for above customer segments. The principle behind LCC is to offer services to routes that are considered less lucrative for larger airlines to operate. In order to understand the operations of Flydubai, it is necessary to investigate how the company operates and how it has spread its routes in determining its strategies and its competitive advantage. In addition, the report will investigate the strategies that the airline has put in place since its launch, and how these have contributed to the growth and expansion of the airline. This will indicate how the airline stands in comparison with other la rge airlines such as Emirates and regional LCCs in the Middle East. The report will show that strategic management and innovations are the most important factors that explain the rapid growth of Flydubai in the short time since its launch. Flydubai is a low-cost airline with its operations based at Dubai International Airport. The company was founded on 19 March 2008 but did not commence its operations until 1st June 2009. The airline offers its services in various destinations within the Middle East region, Europe, Africa and other Asian countries. The company has a good fleet of Boeing 737NGs, at its disposal, which is part of the latest lines of airplanes that have facilitated the company to compete effectively in the market. Flydubai was founded by Ahmed bin Saeed, the then Emirates chairman as a special brand of Emirates to offer the low-cost option to tourists and business operators within the region. Though the airline operates as an independent airline and even competes with Emirates, they offer some services in cooperation with Emirates, which include facilitating passenger connectivity in relation to dual boarding in the issuance of passes and baggage on the specific destination. Immediately after its launch, Flydubai remained in the black for about two years without reporting any figures. However, in February 2013, the company surprised many by reporting they had made a net profit of $ 41 million in 2012, with $756 million dollars in revenue. The rapid growth over its two years of operations opened another chapter in Dubai that proved the need to have more LCC in the rapidly expanding Dubai market.

Application of Hard-Soft Acid-Base Theory

Application of Hard-Soft Acid-Base Theory By Manolis J. Manos and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis Report Feven Teclemichael Hard-Soft Acid-Base Theory in Action: A New Ion-Exchange Material for Sequestering Heavy Metals The human body consists 75 percent of water, clean water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. However, today many people drink water that is far from being pure. Inorganic minerals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) are some of the powerful pollutants that make water unsuitable for human consumption and other living organisms. Over the years, a lot of effort has been gone into making drinking water as safe as possible by testing different methods to remove Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from polluted water Some of the traditional ways of removing the above mentioned heavy metal ions is using oxidic inorganic ion-exchange materials such as Zeolites, clays and carbon activated adsorbent. Although these materials can remove heavy metals, they have a low selectivity and weak bonding affinity for heavy metal ions. Sulfide minerals such as FeS2 also have a low selectivity for heavy metals due to their property of instability in natural environment (i.e. when exposed to air and water it gets oxidized). To overcome these problems novel sorbents such as resins, organoceramics and mesoporous silicates as well as the recently noted mesoporous carbon material with thiol groups has been developed. However, these materials only showed a high selectivity for Hg2+. Similarly, Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with humic acid also showed a reasonable but low selectivity for these soft heavy metals. On the other hand, unlike iron -based sulfides sulfide-based ion exchangers have a higher ability to remove heave metals ions regarding their functional group and surface property. This is due to their higher affinity of their soft basic framework for soft Lewis acids (e.g. Hg2+, Cd2+,Pb2+). One of sulfide-based material that has been found to be a high candidate for heavy metal ion remediation is K2xMnxSn3-xS6 (x=0.5-0.95) (KMS-1). K+ existing as +2, Mn as +4, Sn as +6 and S as -2 oxidation states. The layer structure of this material is built up by edge-sharing Mn/Sn S6 octahedral with Mn and Sn atoms occupying the same crystallographic position and all sulfur ligands being three-coordinated. K+ ions are found between the layers and are positionally disordered (Manos Kanatzidis, 2009). This material contains highly mobile K+ ions in their interlayer space that can easily be exchanged with other heavy cations (Manos Kanatzidis, 2009). KMS-1 is inorganic ion-exchanger that exhibits an excellent thermal, chemical and radiation stability in aqueous and atmospheric environments that can not be easily achieved with organic compounds. This material has previously been proved to be an excellent sorbent for strontium ions. Based on Manolis J. Manos and Mercoui G.Kanatzidis de tailed research this material has a extraordinary capacity to remove Hg2+ Pb2+, and Cd2+ very rapidly from water than any ever-known sorbent materials and has a high selectivity that allows their concentration to be reduced to well below the government allowed safe drinking levels under broad pH range (Manos Kanatzids, 2009). Based on this study this materials structure allows a rapid ion-exchange kinetics of the intercalated K+ ions with soft Lewis acids and binds to these soft heavy metal ions through a strong covalent interactions Metal-Sulfide framework of KMS-1. The experiment of ion-exchange is done by isolating a filtered polycrystalline material from the mixture of A(NO3)2.yH2O (0.07mmol) (A=Hg, Pb, Cd) with 20ml of water and a solid KMS-1 90.07mmol, 40mg). The filtrates were analyzed for their heavy metal content by using a coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data of the study has confirmed the removal of K+ ions as well as t he binding of the heavy metal ions. Two analyses were done to see how the interlayer spacing changed and to obtain information about the structural change after metal ion exchange material. These are the Power X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurement and the Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. PXRD data of Hg2+ exchanged material showed a decrease in the interlayer distance after the ion exchange. It changed from 8.51 ºÃ‚ ® to 5.82 ºÃ‚ ® this is because of the smaller size of Hg2+ compared to K+ as well as due to the strong covalent bond formed between Hg-S. This analysis also revealed the presence of two layered phases. These layers existed with interlayer spacing of 8.81 ºÃ‚ ®-8.09 ºÃ‚ ®. This information was also found in the two hydrated Pb2+ species analysis. Alkaline earth ions have a great tendency to be hydrated and this results for the Pb2+ exchanged materials. The Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data for exchanged samples revealed the presence of 1-2 H2O molecu les per formula unit. The process of Cd2+ exchange was different than Hg2+ and Pb2+ processes. Hg2+ and Pb2+ exchanged only with K+ ions where as Cd+2 exchanged not only with k+ but with Mn2+ ions of the layers as well. The EDS data of KMS-1 showed no detection of Mn even using ICP Mn ion was not identified. The molar ratio of Cd2+: KMS-1 in the exchanged material was found to be ~2 with a formula of Cd1.8Sn2.1S6 and no sign of Mn2+ ion. Cd2+ exchange also yielded in a colour change from dark-brown to orange-red. The TGA data of Cd2+ exchanged material revealed the presence of partially hydrated Cd2+ cation ~1-1.5 water molecules per formula unit and the PXRD indicated the consistency of interlayer contraction ~2.2 ºÃ‚ ® relative to KMS-1 strong Cd-S bonding interactions in the interlayer space (Manos Kanatzidis, 2009). Solid state near infrared-ultraviolet-visible (NIR-UV-Vis) spectroscopic studies was important to examine the intercalation of metal ions in pristine KMS-1. The expected covalent interactions between the sulfur atoms and intercalated cations are KPb(exchanged)>Hg(exchanged). The Cd2+ exchanged material band gap energy was measured to be 1.96ev; this result is consistent with its colour change from dark brown to orange-red. To assess the Hg2+, Pb2+and Cd2+ removal capacity of KMS-1, ion-exchange equilibration studies is performed using the batch method which is done in a V: m ratio of 1000:1 at a room temperature of pH 5. The ICP-MS determined the initial and final concentrations of the heavy metal ions. In order to have enough metal ions to saturate the exchange sites of K2xMnxSn3-xS6 (x=0.95) (the molar ratio M2+/KMS-1 was ~1), the initial concentration of Hg2+ and Pb2+ was much higher than Cd2+ since they can decompose to HgS or PbS unlike Cd2+. The Hg2+ and Pb2+ ion-exchange equil ibrium data was fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model expressed as , where q (mg/g) is the amount of the cation adsorbed at the equilibrium concentration Ce (ppm), qm is the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, and b (L/mg) is the Langmuir constant related to the free energy of the adsorption. The maximum ion-exchange capacity qm of KMS-1 (x=0.95) was determined to be 377 mg/g and 319 mg/g, respectively. The affinity for the metal ions can be expressed in terms of the distribution coefficient Kd value. Kd coefficient describes the sorption/desorption propensity of a compound for a material. For Hg2+ and Pb2+ the Kd values were found in the range 3.50*10^4-3.90*10^5 mL/g and 1.29*10^5-1.40*10^6 mL/g, respectively. The equilibrium exchange data of Cd2+ was fitted with the Freundlich model: q= KfCe(1/n), where Kf is the Freundlich constant. The maximum capacity was calculated by averaging Cd2+ uptake values that corresponds to the saturation of the exchange sites of KMS-1 an d it was found to be 329mg/g or 2.93mmol/g which is close to the theoretical value of 3.18mmol/g. The Kd value obtained for Cd2+ was 1.16 to 1.37*10^7mL/g which is larger compared to the initial concentration between 204.4 and 136.3ppm. The effect of pH on Hg2+ and Pb2+ adsorption was studied in the range of 2.6-9.4 and Cd2+ adsorption was tested in the pH range of 0-9, while taking into account that the pH of contaminated ground water and nuclear waste may vary in acidity. The Hg2+ ion exchange study of KMS-1 indicated a significant uptake at pH>4(Kd=1.1-1.3*10^4mL/g) compared to at pH~2.6 (2.3*10^5mL/g). For Pb2+ the maximum Kd value calculated for KMS-1 is at pH 3.7. The Kd value for Cd2+ revealed a remarkable affinity of KMS-1 under strong acidic condition (pH=0). For comparison, thiol-functionalized sorbents displays a loss of ~40-50% of their Cd2+ adsorption capacity at 3+ and Ca2+ was also examined for selectivity. The results showed a high selectivity for Hg2+ and Pb2+ even for Cd2+ since KMS-1 showed 86-88% removal of Cd2+ removal in the presence of 1M Na+ or Ca2+. Competitive-exchange Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ -Na+ experiment was performed in a very high or very low initial concentrations, these cations showed that KMS-1 has the ability of removing all 3 metal ions from solutions and shows a similar selectivity for solutions that contain a mixture of Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ in low initial concentrations. In final concentrations of the metal ions were found to be well below the acceptable levels for drinking water (Manos Kanatzidis, 2009). To check how capable is KMS-1 to select heavy metal ions under realistic environment, it was tested with drinkable water that has a pH of 6.5 and was contaminated intentionally with high levels of Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ that has excess amount of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ than the heavy metal ions. The results showed that within 40 min KMS-1 lowered the concentration of Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ below their acceptable limits. A high absorption of heavy metal ions by KMS-1 was observed by sonicating them for 30-60min when the particle size of pristine samples was reduced to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤5 µm. This finding shows that pre-treated KMS-1 samples have a high ability to reduce the concentrations of heavy metal ions well below their acceptable levels after 2 min of solution/KMS-1 contact. These results prove that KMS-1 is highly capable of selecting and filtering contaminated waste water that contains traces of heavy metal ions. Mg-analogue of KMS-1 is developed to explain the concerns regarding Mn leaching (0.3-0.8% of the total manganese content at pH~5-8) during the use of KMS-1 to purify waste water. The analogue developed is denoted as KMS-2 (i.e. K2xMgxSn3-xS6 (x= 0.5-0.95)). The study indicated that KMS-1 and KMS-2 have not different capacity to purify heavy metal ions from water and have identical PXRD pattern. According to the study supporting information Mg2+ is non-toxic and a large level ppm of Mg2+ in water is acceptable. Since regeneration of exchanged materials is not possible under highly acidic environment of KMS-1 compounds, a test can be formulated to see if the exchanged materials can be considered as permanent waste forms without the need of secondary treatment. The study shows that first treatment results revealed no leaching of Pd2+ after its hydrothermal treatment at pH of ~7 or 4.8 for 24hrs. Similarly Hg2+ and Cd2+ only showed 0.05 and 0.09% of leaching, respectively. Whereas, the thermal treatment of Hg-laden samples for 60hrs at 450 °C showed 93% of leaching which is almost all the Hg2+ content has been regenerated. This process can be used to recover mercury element. This study showed the high efficiency of KMS-1 to absorb heavy metal ions and proved that it is one of the only materials that has a high capacity for Hg2+, Pb2+ at acidic condition (pH~3) and alkaline condition (pH~9), and highest for Cd2+ among all other state-of-the-art sorbents even at pHà ¢Ã¢â‚ ¬ °Ã‚ ¤0. However, thiol-functionalized mesoporous silicates resulted in a low absorption for Pb2+ at pH2 (layered sulfide) and thiol-functionalized sorbents is compared, KMS-1 has the highest because it is stable in water and atmosphere, on the other hand LiMoS2 and thiol-functionalized have less absorption capacity because they have instability nature under aerobic conditions. KMS-1 is a sulfide layered metal that exhibits a high capacity and highly specific ion-exchanger for the removal of soft heavy metals by replacing K+ in between the metal sulfide layers of KMS-1. The driving force for heavy metal ion-exchange is the strong heavy metal ion-sulfur bonds in addition to the facile ion diffusion and access of all internal surfaces of layered metal sulfides. It is a low-cost promising material that can be used to purify waste water by reducing the concentration toxic heavy metal ion (i.e. Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) well below acceptable limits for drinking water. HSAB theory elaborates that soft acids prefer bonding with soft bases, and the adduct of the result tends to form a covalent bond. Equivalently hard acids prefer bonding with hard bases, and their adducts form a stronger bond called ionic interactions (electrostatics attraction). This study provides a practical application of HSAB theory concepts. It proved that HSAB theory can be useful to identify compounds that can potentially be used in predicting toxicant-target interactions and the bonding mode can be determined using the principle. The main purpose of the study was to explore or discover a material that can reduce or remove major water pollutants such as Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+.This study experiment reported a sulfide layered metal material that can rapidly remove toxic heavy metals from water called KMS-1. As per HSAB rule sulfur is considered to be a much softer base element therefore it prefers to bond with soft acid (e.g. Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+).